{"id":195,"date":"2020-08-18T19:23:47","date_gmt":"2020-08-18T20:23:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.linux-tutorial.info\/?page_id=77"},"modified":"2020-08-22T19:25:59","modified_gmt":"2020-08-22T20:25:59","slug":"this-is-the-page-title-toplevel-29","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.linux-tutorial.info\/?page_id=195","title":{"rendered":"Commonly Used Utilities"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<title>Commonly Used Commands and Utilities<\/title>\n<p>\nThere are hundreds of commands and utilities plus thousands of support files\nin a normal Linux installation. Very few people I have met know what they all\ndo. As a matter of fact, I don&#8217;t know anyone who knows what they all do. Some\nare obvious and we use them everyday, such as <command>date<\/command>. Others\nare not so obvious and I have never met anyone who has used them. Despite their\noverwhelming number\nand often cryptic names and even more cryptic options, many commands are very\nuseful and powerful.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nI have often encountered users, as well as system administrators, who\ncombine many of these commands into something fairly complicated. The only\nreal problem is that there is often a single command that would do all of this\nfor them.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nIn this section, we are going to cover some of the more common commands. I\nam basing my choice on a couple of things. First, I am going to cover those\ncommands that I personally use on a regular basis. These commands are those that\nI use to do things I need to do, or those that I use to help end users get done\nwhat they need to. Next, I will discuss the Linux system itself. There are\ndozens of scripts scattered all through the system that contain many of these\ncommands. By talking about them here, you will be in a better position to\nunderstand existing scripts should you need to expand or troubleshoot them.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nBecause utilities are usually part of some larger process (such as\ninstalling a new hard disk or adding a new user), I am not going to talk about\nthem here. I will get to the more common utilities as we move along.\nHowever, to whet your appetite, here is a list of programs used when working\nwith files.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td colspan=2><h3>File and Directory Basics<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>cd<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>change <glossary>directory<\/glossary><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>cp<\/command>\n\t\t\t<\/td><td>copy files<\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>file<\/command>\n\t\t\t<\/td><td>determine a file&#8217;s contents<\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>ls<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>list files or directories<\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>ln<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>make a <glossary>link<\/glossary> to a file\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>mkdir<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>make a <glossary>directory<\/glossary><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>mv<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>move (rename) a file<\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>rm<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>remove a file<\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>rmdir<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>remove a <glossary>directory<\/glossary>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>File Viewing<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><command>cat<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td>Display the contents of file<\/glossary>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>less<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Page through files<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>head<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>show the top portion of a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>more<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display screenfuls of a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>tail<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display bottom portion of a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>nl<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>count the number of lines in a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>wc<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>count the number of lines, words and characters in a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>od<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>View a binary file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>tee<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display output on <glossary>stdout<\/glossary> and write it to a file simultaneously<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>File Management<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>ls<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display file attributes<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>stat<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display file attributes<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>wc<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>count the number of lines, words and characters in a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>file<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>identify file types<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>touch<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>set the time stamp of a file or directory <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t<td><command>chgrp<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t<td>change the <glossary>group<\/glossary> of a file<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t<td><command>chmod<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t<td>change the <glossary>permissions<\/glossary> (mode) of a file<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t<td><command>chown<\/command><\/td>\n\t\t<td>change the <glossary>owner<\/glossary> of a file<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>chattr<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>change advanced file attributes<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>lsattr<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display advanced file attributes <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>File Manipulation<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>awk<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>pattern-matching, programming language<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>csplit<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>split a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>cut<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display columns of a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n      <td><command>paste<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>append columns in a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>dircmp<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compare two directories<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>find<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>find files and directories<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>perl<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>scripting language<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>sed<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Stream Editor<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>sort<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>sort a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n      <td><command>tr<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>translate chracters in a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>uniq<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>find unique or repeated lines in a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>xargs<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>process multiple arguements<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td>  <\/td>\n      <td>  <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>File Editing<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>vi<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>text editor<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>emacs<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>text editor<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>sed<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Stream Editor<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>Locate Files<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>find<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>find files and directories<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>which<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>locate commands within your <glossary>search path<\/glossary> <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>whereis<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>locate standard files  <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td colspan=2><h3>File Compression and Archiving<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>gzip<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compress a file using GNU Zip<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n      <td><command>gunzip<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>uncompress a file using GNU Zip<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>compress<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compress a file using UNIX compress<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>uncompress<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>uncompress a file using UNIX compress<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>bzip2<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compress a file using block-sorting file compressor <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>bunzip2<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>uncompress a file using block-sorting file compressor <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>zip<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compress a file using Windows\/DOS zip<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>unzip<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>uncompress a file using Windows\/DOS zip<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>tar<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>read\/write (tape) archives<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>cpio<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>copy files to and from archives<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>dump<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>dump a disk to tape<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>restore<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>restore a dump<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>mt<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>tape control programm<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>File Comparison<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>diff<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>find differences in two files  <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>cmp<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compare two files<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>comm<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compare sorted files<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>md5sum<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compute the MD5 checksum of a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>sum<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>compute the checksum of a file<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP colspan=2>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>Disks and File Systems<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>df<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display free space <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>du<\/command> <\/td>\n      <td>display disk usage <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>mount<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>mount a filesystem<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>fsck<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>check aand repair a filesystem<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>sync<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Flush disk caches<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=top>\n      <td>  <\/td>\n      <td>  <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>Printing<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>lpr<\/command> <\/td>\n      <td>print files<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>lpq<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>view the print queue<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>lprm<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Remove print jobs<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>lpc<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>line printer control program<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td> <\/td>\n      <td> <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>Process Management<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>ps<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>list processes<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>w<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>list users&#8217; processes<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>uptime<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>view the system load, amount of time it has been running, etc.<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>top<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>monitor processes <\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>free<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>display free memory<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>kill<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>send signals to processes<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>killall<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>kill processes by name<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>nice<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>set a processes nice value<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>renice<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>set the nice value of a running process.<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>at<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>run a job at a specific time<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>crontab<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>schedule repeated jobs<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>batch<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>run a job as the system load premits<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>watch<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>run a programm at specific intervals<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>sleep<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>wiat for a specified interval of time<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>Host Information<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>uname<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Print system information<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>hostname<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Print the system&#8217;s hostname<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>ifconfig<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Display or set network interface configuration<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>host<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>lookup DNS information<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>nslookup<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>lookup DNS information (deprecated)<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>whois<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Lookup domain registrants<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>ping<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Test reachability of a host<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n\t<tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>traceroute<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Display network path to a host<\/td>\n    <\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><table width=509 BORDER=0 bordercolor=\"#000000\" cellpadding=4 CELLSPACING=0>\n\t<col width=170>\n\t<col width=321>\n\t<thead>\n\t\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t\t\t<td><h3>Networking Tools<\/h3><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody>\n\t<tr valign=TOP>\n\t<td><b>Command<\/b><\/td>\n\t<td><b>Function<\/b><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>ssh<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Secure remote access<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>telnet<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Log into remote hosts<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>scp<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Securely copy files between hosts<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>ftp<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Copy files between hosts<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>wget<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Recursively download files from a remote host<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr valign=top>\n      <td><command>lynx<\/command><\/td>\n      <td>Character based web-browser<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Commonly Used Commands and Utilities There are hundreds of commands and utilities plus thousands of support files in a normal Linux installation. Very few people I have met know what they all do. 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